3.1 DATA DISTRIBUTIONS
Showing Differences
- consider Dominos pizza that delivered < 30minutes by tolerance
3.1.1 HISTOGRAMS
Histograms can be used to show these distributions graphically.
Cumulative distributions can be used to estimate the probability of an event. For example, if in the graph above we want to know how many pizzas are delivered within 25 minutes, we could read 10 (approx.) every week off the graph.
there are typically 10 to 20 divisions in a histogram
percentages can be used on the right axis, in place of counts.
3.1.2 Continuous Distributions
Histograms are useful for grouped data, but in the cases where the data is continuous, we use distributions of probability.
In general
- the area under the graph = 1.00000.......
- the graphs often stretch (asymptotically) to infinity
In specific, some of the distribution properties are,
In addition the centre of the distribution can vary (i.e. the average or mean)
More on distribution later
3.1.3 Describing Distribution Centres With Numbers
The best known method is the average. This gives the centre of a distribution
Another good measure is the median
- If odd number of samples it is the middle number
- if an even number of samples, it is the average of the left and right bounding numbers
If the numbers are grouped the median becomes
Mode can be useful for identifying repeated patterns
- a mode is a repeated value that occurs the most. Multiple modes are possible.
3.1.4 Dispersion As A Measure of Distribution
The range of values covered by a distribution are important
- Range is the difference between the highest and lowest numbers.
Standard deviation is a classical measure of grouping (for normal distributions??????????)
When we use a standard deviation, we can estimate the distribution of the samples.
By adding standard deviations to increase the range size, the percentage of samples included are,
Other formulas for standard deviation are,
3.1.5 The Shape of the Distribution
Skewed functions
this lack of symmetry tends to indicate a bias in the data (and hence in the real world)
a skew factor can be calculated
3.1.6 Kurtosis
This is a peaking in the data
This is best used for comparison to other values. i.e. you can watch the trends in the values of a4.
3.1.7 Generalizing From a Few to Many
3.1.8 The Normal Curve
this is a good curve that tends to represent distributions of things in nature (also called Gaussian)
This distribution can be fitted for populations (m, s), or for samples (X, s)
The area under the curve is 1, and therefore will enclose 100% of the population.
the parameters vary the shape of the distribution
The area under the curve indicates the cumulative probability of some event
When applied to quality ±3s are used to define a typical "process variability" for the product. This is also known as the upper and lower natural limits (UNL & LNL)
READ or REVIEW: chapter 3, pg 43-93
PROBLEMS: pg 93- #4, 8, 17, 18, 21, 23, 25, 28, 30, 40
******************* LOOK INTO USE OF SYMBOLS, and UNL, LNL, UCL, LCL, etc.
3.1.9 Probability plots
Procedure
READING: chapter 4, pg. 103-165
PROBLEMS: pg 167- #1, 5, 6, 12, 15, 20, 22, 25
