IMPEDANCECircuit components can be represented in impedance form as shown in Figure 7.20 Impedances for electrical components. When represented this way the circuit solutions can focus on impedances, ’Z’, instead of resistances, ’R’. Notice that the primary difference is that the differential operator has been replaced. In this form we can use impedances as if they are resistances. 
Figure 7.20 Impedances for electrical components When representing component values with impedances the circuit solution is done as if all circuit components are resistors. An example of this is shown in Figure 7.21 A impedance example for a circuit. Notice that the two impedances at the right (resistor and capacitor) are equivalent to two resistors in parallel, and the overall circuit is a voltage divider. The impedances are written beside the circuit elements. 
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