Because we can’t sample every part.
Because no matter what we do, no two parts will be the same.
Because we define a product to meet specifications and we can measure how well it conforms.
Because differences between parts are hard (assignable causes) or impossible (chance causes) to predict.
Because we can sample a few and draw conclusions about the whole group.
We want to sample as little data as possible to draw the most accurate conclusions about the distribution of the values.
Inductive: Try to get overall variance within group. i.e. assume all of group should conform ***WE USE THIS TYPE
Deductive: Attempt to classify differences that exist within a group (i.e. election polls).
consider Domino’s pizza that delivered < 30minutes by tolerance
• Histograms can be used to show these distributions graphically.
• Cumulative distributions can be used to estimate the probability of an event. For example, if in the graph above we want to know how many pizzas are delivered within 25 minutes, we could read 10 (approx.) every week off the graph.
• there are typically 10 to 20 divisions in a histogram
• percentages can be used on the right axis, in place of counts.
• Histograms are useful for grouped data, but in the cases where the data is continuous, we use distributions of probability.
the area under the graph = 1.00000.......
the graphs often stretch (asymptotically) to infinity
• In specific, some of the distribution properties are,
• In addition the center of the distribution can vary (i.e. the average or mean)
• The best known method is the average. This gives the center of a distribution
• Another good measure is the median
If odd number of samples it is the middle number
If an even number of samples, it is the average of the left and right bounding numbers
• If the numbers are grouped the median becomes
• Mode can be useful for identifying repeated patterns
a mode is a repeated value that occurs the most. Multiple modes are possible.
• The range of values covered by a distribution are important
Range is the difference between the highest and lowest numbers.
• Standard deviation is a classical measure of grouping (for normal distributions??????????)
• When we use a standard deviation, we can estimate the distribution of the samples.
• By adding standard deviations to increase the range size, the percentage of samples included are,
• Other formulas for standard deviation are,
• this lack of symmetry tends to indicate a bias in the data (and hence in the real world)
• a skew factor can be calculated
• This is a peaking in the data
• This is best used for comparison to other values. i.e. you can watch the trends in the values of a4.
• this is a good curve that tends to represent distributions of things in nature (also called Gaussian)
• This distribution can be fitted for populations (μ, σ), or for samples (X, s)
• The area under the curve is 1, and therefore will enclose 100% of the population.
• the parameters vary the shape of the distribution
• The area under the curve indicates the cumulative probability of some event
• When applied to quality ±3σ are used to define a typical “process variability” for the product. This is also known as the upper and lower natural limits (UNL & LNL)
******************* LOOK INTO USE OF SYMBOLS, and UNL, LNL, UCL, LCL, etc.
• A way to figure out how chances interact
• Mutually Exclusive: Probable events can only happen as one or the other.
• Not Mutually Exclusive: Probable events can occur simultaneously
• Independent Probabilities: Events will happen separately
• Dependant Probabilities: The outcome of one event effects the outcome of another event
• Permutations: for exact definitions of not only possibilities, but also order.
• Combinations: similar to before except order does not mater.
• empirical probability: experimentally determine the probability with,
