6. Physical Properties of Solids
6.1 Atomic Material Data
6.2 Mechanical Material Properties
Table 1:
|
Material
|
Type
|
Density
|
E
|
G
|
poisson
|
ten: yield stress
|
ten: ult. stress
|
ten: yield strain
|
yield stress: comp.
|
ult. stress: comp.
|
ult. stress: shear
|
thermal expansion
|
|
|
|
(Mg/m3)
|
(GPa)
|
(GPa)
|
|
(MPa)
|
|
(%)
|
(MPa)
|
|
|
10-6/deg C
|
|
aluminum
|
typical
|
2.6-2.8
|
70-79
|
26-30
|
0.33
|
35-500
|
100-550
|
1-45
|
|
|
|
23
|
|
|
1100-h14
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2024-T6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5456-h116
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2014-T6
|
2.8
|
73
|
36-41
|
0.33
|
410
|
480
|
13
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6061-T6
|
2.8
|
70
|
26
|
0.33
|
270
|
310
|
17
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7075-T6
|
2.7
|
72
|
26
|
0.33
|
480
|
550
|
11
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brass
|
typical
|
8.4-8.6
|
96-110
|
36-41
|
0.34
|
70-550
|
200-620
|
4-60
|
|
|
|
19.1-21.2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yellow Brass
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
cold rolled
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
annealed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Red Brass
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
cold rolled
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
annealed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bronze
|
typical
|
8.2-8.8
|
96-120
|
36-44
|
0.34
|
82-690
|
200-830
|
5-60
|
|
|
|
18-21
|
|
Cast Iron
|
typical
|
7.0-7.4
|
83-170
|
32-69
|
0.2-0.3
|
120
|
69-480
|
0-1
|
|
340-1400
|
|
9.9-12
|
|
Concrete
|
typical
|
2.3
|
17-31
|
na
|
0.1-0.2
|
|
|
|
|
10-70
|
|
7-14
|
|
|
reinforced
|
2.4
|
17-31
|
na
|
0.1-0.2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
lightweight
|
1.1-1.8
|
17-31
|
na
|
0.1-0.2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Copper
|
typical
|
8.9
|
110-120
|
40-47
|
0.33-0.36
|
55-760
|
230-830
|
4-50
|
|
|
|
16.6-17.6
|
|
|
annealed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
hard drawn
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Glass
|
typical
|
2.4-2.8
|
48-83
|
19-35
|
0.17-0.27
|
|
30-1000
|
0
|
|
|
|
5-11
|
|
|
Plate
|
|
|
|
|
|
70
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fibers
|
|
|
|
|
|
7000-20000
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Magnesium
|
typ. alloys
|
1.76-1.83
|
41-45
|
15-17
|
0.35
|
80-280
|
140-340
|
2-20
|
|
|
|
26.1-28.8
|
|
Monel
|
67%Ni,30%Cu
|
8.8
|
170
|
66
|
0.32
|
170-1100
|
450-1200
|
2-50
|
|
|
|
14
|
|
Nickel
|
|
8.8
|
210
|
80
|
0.31
|
100-620
|
310-760
|
2-50
|
|
|
|
13
|
|
Plastics
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nylon
|
.88-1.1
|
2.1-3.4
|
na
|
0.4
|
|
40-80
|
20-100
|
|
|
|
70-140
|
|
|
Polyethylene
|
.96-1.4
|
0.7-1.4
|
na
|
0.4
|
|
7-28
|
15-300
|
|
|
|
140-290
|
|
Rock
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5-9
|
|
|
Granite
|
2.6-2.9
|
40-100
|
na
|
0.2-0.3
|
|
|
|
|
50-280
|
|
|
|
|
Marble
|
2.6-2.9
|
40-100
|
na
|
0.2-0.3
|
|
|
|
|
50-280
|
|
|
|
|
Quartz
|
2.6-2.9
|
40-100
|
na
|
0.2-0.3
|
|
|
|
|
50-280
|
|
|
|
|
Limestone
|
2.0-2.9
|
20-70
|
na
|
0.2-0.3
|
|
|
|
|
20-200
|
|
|
|
|
Sandstone
|
2.0-2.9
|
20-70
|
na
|
0.2-0.3
|
|
|
|
|
20-200
|
|
|
|
Rubber
|
typical
|
.96-1.3
|
0.0007-0.004
|
0.0002-0.001
|
0.45-0.50
|
1-7
|
7-20
|
100-800
|
|
|
|
130-200
|
|
Sand,soil,gravel
|
|
1.2-2.2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Steel
|
|
7.85
|
190-210
|
75-80
|
0.27-0.30
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10-18
|
|
|
cold rolled
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
annealed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
high strength
|
|
|
|
|
340-1000
|
550-1200
|
5-25
|
|
|
|
14
|
|
|
machine
|
|
|
|
|
340-700
|
550-860
|
5-25
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
spring
|
|
|
|
|
400-1600
|
700-1900
|
3-15
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
stainless
|
|
|
|
|
280-700
|
400-1000
|
5-40
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
tool
|
|
|
|
|
520
|
900
|
8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
structural
|
|
|
|
|
200-700
|
340-830
|
10-40
|
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
astm-a48
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
astm-a47
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
astm-a36
|
|
|
|
|
250
|
400
|
30
|
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
astm-a5242
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
astm-a441
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
astm-a572
|
|
|
|
|
340
|
500
|
20
|
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
astm-a514
|
|
|
|
|
700
|
830
|
15
|
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
wire
|
|
|
|
|
280-1000
|
550-1400
|
5-40
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stainless Steel
|
aisi 302
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17
|
|
Titanium
|
typ. alloys
|
4.5
|
100-120
|
39-44
|
0.33
|
760-1000
|
900-1200
|
10
|
|
|
|
8.1-11
|
|
Tungsten
|
|
1.9
|
340-380
|
140-160
|
0.2
|
|
1400-4000
|
0-4
|
|
|
|
4.3
|
|
Water
|
fresh
|
1.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sea
|
1.02
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wood (dry)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Douglas fir
|
.48-.56
|
11-13
|
|
|
30-50
|
50-80
|
|
30-50
|
40-70
|
|
|
|
|
Oak
|
.64-.72
|
11-12
|
|
|
40-60
|
50-100
|
|
30-40
|
30-50
|
|
|
|
|
Southern pine
|
.56-.64
|
11-14
|
|
|
40-60
|
50-100
|
|
30-50
|
40-70
|
|
|
6.3 Formulas
• A collection of the essential mechanics of materials formulas are given below
