4.1 SOLENOIDS 67

4.2 VALVES 67

4.3 CYLINDERS 69

4.4 HYDRAULICS 71

4.5 PNEUMATICS 72

4.6 MOTORS 73

4.7 OTHERS 73

4.8 SUMMARY 74

4.9 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 74

4.10 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS 74

4.1 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 77