22.1.1 Angular Displacement 436
Potentiometers 436
22.1.2 Encoders 437
Tachometers 440
22.1.3 Linear Position 440
Potentiometers 440
Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDT) 441
Moire Fringes 442
Accelerometers 443
22.1.4 Forces and Moments 445
Strain Gages 445
Piezoelectric 448
22.1.5 Liquids and Gases 449
Pressure 450
Venturi Valves 450
Coriolis Flow Meter 451
Magnetic Flow Meter 451
Ultrasonic Flow Meter 452
Vortex Flow Meter 452
Positive Displacement Meters 452
Pitot Tubes 452
22.1.6 Temperature 453
Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTDs) 453
Thermocouples 453
Thermistors 455
Other Sensors 456
22.1.7 Light 456
Light Dependant Resistors (LDR) 456
22.1.8 Chemical 457
pH 457
Conductivity 457
22.1.9 Others 457
22.4.1 References 461