12. NUMBERS AND DATA 257

12.1 NUMERICAL VALUES 258

12.1.1 Binary 258

Boolean Operations 260

Binary Mathematics 261

12.1.2 Other Base Number Systems 263

12.1.3 BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) 264

12.2 DATA CHARACTERIZATION 264

12.2.1 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) 264

12.2.2 Parity 267

12.2.3 Checksums 268

12.2.4 Gray Code 268

12.3 SUMMARY 269
12.4 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 269
12.5 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS 271
12.1 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 273