12.3 Integrals

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Integrals are often referred to as anti-derivatives

definite integrals have boundaries defines. Indefinitie integrals do not have boundaries defines and a constant must be added to the result.

To set up integrals use integration elements (aka slices),

Some basic properties of indefinite integrals (no given start and end limits) include,

Some of the trigonometric integrals are,

Some other integrals of use that are basically functions of x are,

Integrals using the natural logarithm base `e',

12.3.1 Integration Examples

Integration by parts - It is normal to have to do the integration by parts more than once to solve a problem.

Substitution.

Partial fractions can be used to reduce complex polynomials to simple to integrate forms.