11. The Environment
• In previous centuries environmental issues typically affected local areas and went untreated until they reached crisis proportions.
• The industrial revolution has provided us the new ability to overload the environment at a much faster rate and with greater damage. And, the results of the pollution are no longer contained in a local area.
• Most of the environmental problems arise because the products that are delivered back into nature are not in the forms they were in when originally extracted.
• The main sources of problems are,
1. extracting raw materials often results in damage to the environment.
2. purifying raw materials produces by-products, requires energy and other materials.
3. shaping materials into useful form also produces by-products, requires energy and other materials.
4. during the life of a product there is upkeep, maintenance and consumption.
5. at the end of a products life it must be discarded.
• There are three good strategies when dealing with the environment,
use less (eliminates 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
reuse when possible (eliminates 1, 2, 5)
recycle (eliminates 1, 5)
• The most common sources of problems are emissions. Common types are,
Air based exhaust
Runoff to waterways
Stored toxic dump
Stored solids
• many countries and are starting or have already enacted laws aimed at reducing environmental problems.
Germany: requires manufacturers to accept back used products such as automobiles
California: a zero emissions law requires no emissions on new vehicle in future
• These issues are already being addressed as voluntary standards such as ISO 14000.
• There are a wide variety of agencies and organizations that influence environmental policies and practices.
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
EPA (Environment Protection Agency)
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health)
UL (Underwriters Laboratory)
CSA (Canadian Safety Association)
11.1 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)
• This agency was created when Nixon combined various health and regulatory agencies into the EPA.
• The EPA primarily verifies environmental practices and takes corrective actions.
• Corrective actions might include,
warnings
conditions
fines
jail
• The EPA also sets some policies that are intended to be guides for industry.
• Recently the role of the EPA has been changing to be less adversarial and more supportive for industry.
• Some of the chemicals that the EPA targets in toxic releases are,
Benzene
Cadmium and compounds
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chloroform
Chromium and compounds
Cyanides
Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride)
Lead and compounds
Mercury and compounds
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
Nickel and compounds
Tetracholoethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Xylene(s)
11.2 LEGISLATION
• Legislation has been the most effective tool in causing environmental change.
• Much of the environmental legislation is criminal law.
• Keep in mind that while some legislation can be deal with in civil court, it does not prevent individuals from pursuing lawsuits that fall outside legislation.
• Well know legislation includes,
CAA (Clean Air Act) 1970: Allows EPA to police airborne pollution sources, lists pollution types. Amended over the years.
CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act) 1980: amended RCRA, set up fund for site remediation and establishes liability responsibilities.
CWA (Clean Water Act) 1972: Empowered EPA to police discharges of wastes into waterways.
EPCRA (Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act) 1986: makes toxic releases public record with fines.
HSWA (Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments) 1984: national hazardous waste management.
PPA (Pollution Prevention Act) 1990: deals with sources of pollution and requires reporting of improvements.
RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) 1976: deals with waste disposal issues and hazardous waste controls.
TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) 1976: deals with toxic chemicals entering the marketplace.
• One significant impact is that when purchasing property the new owner assumes all liability for environmental problems. This means than now an environmental survey will be conducted before purchasing a property.
11.2.1 Clean Air Act (CAA) 1970
• Some chemicals on the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) chemical list are given below. These are found in section 109 under section 40 of the CAA.
carbon dioxide
hydrocarbons
nitrogen oxides
suspended particulates
photochemical oxidants
sulfur oxides
lead
• Some chemicals on the National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS) chemical list are given below. These are found in section 112 under section 40 of the CAA.
asbestos
benzene
beryllium
coke oven emissions
mercury
vinyl chloride
inorganic arsenic
Rn-222
radionuclides
copper
nickel
phenol
zinc and zinc oxides
11.3 OCCUPATION SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA)
• Workers are often exposed to environments that are hazardous.
• To deal with this it was created by congress in 1970.
• It deals with,
noise
indoor air quality
guards and safety equipment on machines
worker training and instruction
• The agency helps set policy and police problems.
• One example is the MSDS sheets that must be posted on all chemicals and be on file in public places. This was created under the Worker Right to Know Act.
11.4 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Problem 11.1 Suggest 10 ways to redesign a car to lessen the life cycle impact it has on the environment.
Answer 11.1 lower weight to reduce fuel consumption
add emission controls
use more of the same materials to ease sorting
use removable materials
use materials that are easy to recycle
use materials that have been recycled
make the engine more fuel efficient
reduce fluids used
make the vehicle more durable
etc.
Problem 11.2 Which environmental factors will affect workers.
Answer 11.2 Most environmental considerations affect the performance of workers. There are different levels of influence. Some are barely noticeable, and have no tangible effects. Others are mild irritants. over long periods of time these can cause mental and physical stress. There are more severe irritants that will lead to discomfort or worse. These will reduce the effectiveness of the employee, to the point where the employee will be unable to work without aids and other support.
Problem 11.3 What factors would need to be considered when measuring noise in a manufacturing plant?
Answer 11.3 Noise levels in a plant are typically measured while the machine is in operation in the intended environment to obtain the worst case noise level. The noise levels near the machine will be slightly higher because of the direct sound transmission. Noise levels throughout the room will have a basic level based on the reverberant component and the sound absorption in the room.
Problem 11.4 Discuss the two main organizations that deal with environmental issues. Who do they serve? What are their main environmental concerns?